Геология

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов факультета почвоведения Московского государственного университета имени М.В.Ломоносова, обучающихся по направлениям "Почвоведение", "Экология и природопользование". В пособии приводятся алгоритмы построения цифровых почвенных карт, а также методы анализа изображений с использованием большого количества инструментов, входящих в программу SAGA GIS. В настоящее время SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses) является одной из наиболее сильных ГИС аналитической направленности и активно используется в почвоведении, экологии и географии. Большая привлекательность этого программного обеспечения обусловлена его свободным доступом и открытым исходным кодом. Пособие восполняет острую необходимость справочных материалов на русском языке, которые пока отсутствуют в документации к данной программе. Помимо этого, в пособие включены разделы по совместному использованию SAGA GIS и базы данных Postgresql, не документированные в официальном руководстве на английском языке. Существенным достоинством пособия является раздел, посвященный автоматизации работы в программе с использованием командных строк, реализованный на конкретном примере анализа изображения почвенного профиля. Данное пособие может быть полезно научным работникам, специалистам в области охраны природы и экологического прогнозирования, студентам и аспирантам естественных и агрономических факультетов вузов, использующих методы ГИС-анализа и цифровые технологии программно-вычислительного комплекса SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses) в работе с пространственно-распределенными данными.

Предлагаемый сборник позволит лучше закрепить изученный материал по географии учащимися общеобразовательных школ, академических лицеев и профессиональных колледжейСборник тестовых заданий охватывает почти весь изучаемый материал школьной программы. Сборник создан в соответствии с требованиями новой программы курса географии.Тестовые задания направлены на закрепление теоретических знаний совершенствования практических навыков учащихся.Задания составлены с учетом возраста и требующие от учащихся внимательности, сосредоточенности и смекалки, среди заданий есть легкие и более сложные.Задания могут встретиться на географических олимпиадах.В конце сборника имеется дополнительный материал, который поможет учащимся ближе познакомиться со странами, столицами и денежными единицами.

Darslikda tarixiy geografiya va tarixiy kartografiya fanlarining shakllanishi va taraqqiyoti masalalari, shuningdek, O'rta Osiyoning qadimgi davrdan hozirgi kunga qadar bo'lgan tarixiy geografiyasi mavjud tarixiy, geografik manbalar va ilmiy adabiyotlar doirasida yoritilgan.

Kitobda B.O.To'rayevning ijtimoiy falsafaning dolzarb muammolari, sotsiologiya va milliy g'oyaga oid ilmiy maqolalari hamda bir qator publitsistik asarlari o'rin egallagan. Shuningdek, to'plamda muallifning O'zbekiston Milliy ensiklopediyasida chop etilgan ommabop maqolalari ham o'rin olgan bo'lib, bu asarlarda ijtimoiy hodisalarning mohiyati sinergetik tafakkur asosida tahlil etilgan.

Boshka soavtorlar: Z.А.Qo'ziyeva Ushbu o'quv qo'llanma O'zbekiston Respublikasi Oliy va o'rta maxsus ta'lim vazirligi tomonidan bakalavr bosqichi davlat ta'limi standartiga kiritilgan «Umumiy yer bilimi» predmeti yuzasidan tuzilgan dastur mazmuni asosida yozilgan. O'quv qo'llanma oliy ta'lim muassasalarida «Umumiy yer bilimi» kursi yuzasidan amaliyot mashgulot darslarini olib borish uchun mo'ljallangan bo'lib, tabiatshunoslik fakulteti ta'lim yo'nalishlarida tahsil olayotgan talabalar va mutaxassislar uchun tavsiya etiladi.

В книге Г. С. Бискэ, профессора кафедры осадочной геологии Института наук о Земле, а в прошлом студента и аспиранта ЛГУ, представлены воспоминания за период с конца Великой Отечественной войны (начиная с 1943 года) и до настоящего времени, а также размышления об эволюции и переворотах в науке о Земле. Фотографии автора, сделанные в поездках по Карелии, Китаю, Киргизии, Таджикистану и Крыму, дополняют рассказ о жизни и опыте университетского геолога, развернутый на фоне событий нашей общей истории. Издание заинтересует не только читателей, которые связали свою судьбу с геологией, но и любителей мемуарного жанра.

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"Darslikda geologiya va geomorfologiya fanlarining maqsadi, vazifasi, tarmoqlari va soha uchun ahamiyati bayon qilingan. Shuningdek, Yerning paydo bo'lishi, tuzilishi tarkibi, rivojlanish tarixi, mineral, tog' jinslari va geologik yilnomalar haqida qisqacha ma'lumot berilgan. Darslikda, shuningdek, Yer relyefining paydo bo'lishi, shakli, elementlari, genezisi, rivojlanish tarixi haqida so'z yuritilib, ularni topografik, umumgeografik va geomorfologik xaritalarda to'g'ri tasvirlash talablari bayon etilgan. Кitobda relyefning asosiy genetik guruhlariga (endogen va ekzogen) ta'rif berilib, quruqlikda rivojlangan ekzogen relyeflar shakli, ularning elementlari, paydo bo'lishi, tashqi va boshqa belgilari keng yoritilgan. Shuningdek, darslikda geomorfologik izlanishlarning asoslari, geomorfologik xaritalar tuzish usullari, relyefning tasnifi va boshqalar ham ifodalangan."

"Mazkur monografiya er resurslaridan qishloq xo'jaligida foydalanishning hududiy tashkil etilishini akomillashtirishning geoekologik (geografik-ekologik) jihatlarini tadqiq etishga bag'ishlangan. Er resurslariga antropogen ta'sir ko'lami yildan-yilga ortib borayotgan Farg'ona vodiysining tabiiy-agrar imkoniyati va geoekologik-xo'jalik jihatdan zo'riqish darajasini baholash natijalariga ko'ra erdan foydala-nishning hududiy tashkil etishni takomillashtirishning geoekologik asoslari ishlab chiqilgan. Monografiya geograflar, er tuzuvchilar, ekologlar hamda oliy o'quv yurtlarining geografiya, er kadastri, ekologiya sohasi mutaxassisliklari o'qituvchilari va magistrlari uchun mo'ljallangan."

"В учебном пособии изложены теоретические вопросы земельного кадастра, включающие его сущность, составные части и подсистемы, объект и предмет изучения, принципы и методы ведения, назначение и особенности ведения его в районах орошаемого земледелия. В пособии достаточно подробно освещены методические вопросы составных частей земельного кадастра: регистрации прав на земельные участки, государственного учета земель, оценки земель. Приведены практические примеры создания базы земельно-кадастровых данных при формировании кадастрового дела на земельные участки. Учебное пособие «Земельный кадастр» предназначен для студентов ВУЗов по специальности «Землепользование и земельный кадастр», а также оно может быть использовано магистрами, преподавателями сельскохозяйственных ВУЗов, практическими работниками."

В монографии рассматриваются теоретические и прикладные вопросы, единые по смыслу и относящиеся к сложнейшей проблеме наук о Земле – гидрогеосфере, содержащей бесчисленное множество гидрогеологических систем. В работе указывается на генетическое обоснование теоретических вопросов, широкое распространение и на необходимость быстрого решения таких прикладных вопросов, как подземное захоронение промстоков и установление гидрогеохимических условий слабо изученных территорий, например, артезианских бассейнов предгорных прогибов. Высокоточным методическим приемом изучения этих вопросов был установлен прием экспериментальных исследований. В монографии приведены полные сведения об использованных в опытах материалах, о наиболее результативных факторах экспериментов и в целом оказалось возможным получить достоверные ответы на поставленные вопросы. Изложенное в настоящей работе рекомендуется для студентов-магистров вузов и специалистов, занимающихся изучением формирования состава, свойств и условий, развития в природно-техногенных обстановках подземных вод, вмещающих и окружающих их сред.

[b]A comprehensive account of ore-forming processes, revised and updated[/b] The revised second edition of [i]Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes[/i] offers a guide to the multiplicity of geological processes that result in the formation of mineral deposits. The second edition has been updated to reflect the most recent developments in the study of metallogeny and earth system science. This second edition contains new information about global tectonic processes and crustal evolution that continues to influence the practice of economic geology and maintains the supply of natural resources in a responsible and sustainable way. The replenishment of depleted natural resources is becoming more difficult and environmentally challenging. There is also a change in the demand for mineral commodities and the concern around the non-sustainable supply of ‘critical metals’ is now an important consideration for planners of the future. The book puts the focus on the responsible custodianship of natural resources and the continuing need for all earth scientists to understand metallogeny and the resource cycle. This new edition: Provides an updated guide to the processes involved in the formation of mineral deposits Offers an overview of magmatic, hydrothermal and sedimentary ore-forming processes Covers the entire range of mineral deposit types, including the fossil fuels and supergene ores Relates metallogeny to global tectonics by examining the distribution of mineral deposits in space and time Contains examples of world famous ore deposits that help to provide context and relevance to the process-oriented descriptions of ore genesis Written for students and professionals alike, [i]Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes[/i] offers a revised second edition that puts the focus on the fact that mineral deposits are simply one of the many natural wonders of geological process and evolution.

[b]Reconstructing Earth’s Climate History[/b] There has never been a more critical time for students to understand the record of Earth’s climate history, as well as the relevance of that history to understanding Earth’s present and likely future climate. There also has never been a more critical time for students, as well as the public-at-large, to understand [b]how we know[/b], as much as [b]what we know[/b], in science. This book addresses these needs by placing you, the student, at the center of learning. In this book, you will actively use inquiry-based explorations of authentic scientific data to develop skills that are essential in all disciplines: making observations, developing and testing hypotheses, reaching conclusions based on the available data, recognizing and acknowledging uncertainty in scientific data and scientific conclusions, and communicating your results to others.The context for understanding global climate change today lies in the records of Earth’s past, as preserved in archives such as sediments and sedimentary rocks on land and on the seafloor, as well as glacial ice, corals, speleothems, and tree rings. These archives have been studied for decades by geoscientists and paleoclimatologists. Much like detectives, these researchers work to reconstruct what happened in the past, as well as when and how it happened, based on the often-incomplete and indirect records of those events preserved in these archives. This book uses guided-inquiry to build your knowledge of foundational concepts needed to interpret such archives. Foundational concepts include: interpreting the environmental meaning of sediment composition, determining ages of geologic materials and events (supported by a new section on radiometric dating), and understanding the role of CO2 in Earth’s climate system, among others. Next, this book provides the opportunity for you to apply your foundational knowledge to a collection of paleoclimate case studies. The case studies consider: long-term climate trends, climate cycles, major and/or abrupt episodes of global climate change, and polar paleoclimates. New sections on sea level change in the past and future, climate change and life, and climate change and civilization expand the book’s examination of the causes and effects of Earth’s climate history.In using this book, we hope you gain new knowledge, new skills, and greater confidence in making sense of the causes and consequences of climate change. Our goal is that science becomes more accessible to you. Enjoy the challenge and the reward of working with scientific data and results! [b]Reconstructing Earth’s Climate History, Second Edition,[/b] is an essential purchase for geoscience students at a variety of levels studying paleoclimatology, paleoceanography, oceanography, historical geology, global change, Quaternary science and Earth-system science.

[b]Earth Materials[/b] Earth materials encompass the minerals, rocks, soil and water that constitute our planet and the physical, chemical and biological processes that produce them. Since the expansion of computer technology in the last two decades of the twentieth century, many universities have compressed or eliminated individual course offerings such as mineralogy, optical mineralogy, igneous petrology, sedimentology and metamorphic petrology and replaced them with Earth materials courses. Earth materials courses have become an essential curricular component in the fields of geology, geoscience, Earth science, and many related areas of study. This textbook is designed to address the needs of a one- or two-semester Earth materials course, as well as individuals who want or need an expanded background in minerals, rocks, soils and water resources. [i]Earth Materials,[/i] Second Edition, provides: Comprehensive descriptive analysis of Earth materials Color graphics and insightful text in a logical integrated format Field examples and regional relationships with graphics that illustrate concepts discussed Examples of how concepts discussed can be used to address real world issues Contemporary references from current scientific journals related to developments in Earth materials research Summative discussions of how Earth materials are interrelated with other science and non-science fields of study Additional resources, including detailed descriptions of major rock-forming minerals and keys for identifying minerals using macroscopic and/or optical methods, are available online at www.wiley.com/go/hefferan/earthmaterials [i]Earth Materials,[/i] Second Edition, is an innovative, visually appealing, informative and readable textbook that addresses the full spectrum of Earth materials.

[b]An accessible introduction to large rivers, including coverage of the geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and environments of large river systems[/b] This indispensible book takes a structured and global approach to the subject of large rivers, covering geomorphology, hydrology, ecology, and anthropogenic environment. It offers a thorough foundation for readers who are new to the field and presents enlightening discussions about issues of management at the worldwide scale. The book also examines possible future adaptations that may come about due to climate change. The book has benefitted from contributions by Professor W.J. Junk on the ecology of floodplains and Professor Olav Slaymaker on the large arctic rivers. [i]Introducing Large Rivers[/i] is presented in three parts. Part 1 provides an introduction to the world’s large rivers and their basins. It covers source, transfer, and storage of their water and sediment; Pleistocene inheritance; the ecology of channels and floodplains; deltas; and more. Several large rivers are discussed in the next part. These include the Amazon Mississippi, Nile, Ganga-Brahmaputra System, Mekong, and Yangtze. The last part examines changes in large rivers and our management of river systems. It studies anthropogenic alterations such as land use and deforestation in large river basins; structural control systems like dams and reservoirs on channels; and ecological changes. It finishes with chapters on the management of large rivers, covering both technical and political aspects, and the future of the world’s big river systems.  [i]Introducing Large Rivers[/i] is ideal as an introductory textbook on large rivers for future earth and environmental scientists and river managers. It will also benefit advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying geography, geology, ecology, and river management.

[b]STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & SYNTHESIS[/b] [b]STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS & SYNTHESIS A LABORATORY COURSE IN STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY[/b] [/b] [i]Structural Analysis and Synthesis[/i] is the best-selling laboratory manual of its kind. Specifically designed to support the laboratory work of undergraduates in structural geology courses, the book helps students analyze the various aspects of geological structures, and to combine their analyses into an overarching synthesis. This book is intended for use in the laboratory portion of a first course in structural geology. As is explicit in the book’s title, it is concerned with both the analysis and synthesis of structural features. In this fourth edition, the has been broadened to include a range of new content and features, including: Video content that demonstrates how to perform some of the more challenging structural geology techniques An acknowledgment of the increasing importance of environmental applications of structural geology – vital to students who may go on to pursue careers in the environmental sphere An increased emphasis on quantitative techniques, complete with descriptions of computer program applications Contingent with this quantitative emphasis, the book also outlines the limitations of such techniques, helping students to appropriately apply the techniques and evaluate their trustworthiness [i]Structural Analysis and Synthesis[/i] is a renowned and widely recognized aid to students in grasping and mastering the techniques required in structural geology, and will find a home wherever the principles and practices of structural geology are taught.

[b]Learn basic Python programming to create functional and effective visualizations from earth observation satellite data sets[/b] Thousands of satellite datasets are freely available online, but scientists need the right tools to efficiently analyze data and share results. Python has easy-to-learn syntax and thousands of libraries to perform common Earth science programming tasks. [i]Earth Observation Using Python: A Practical Programming Guide [/i]presents an example-driven collection of basic methods, applications, and visualizations to process satellite data sets for Earth science research. Gain Python fluency using real data and case studies Read and write common scientific data formats, like netCDF, HDF, and GRIB2 Create 3-dimensional maps of dust, fire, vegetation indices and more Learn to adjust satellite imagery resolution, apply quality control, and handle big files Develop useful workflows and learn to share code using version control Acquire skills using online interactive code available for all examples in the book The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.Find out more about this book from this Q&A with the Author

Seismic reservoir characterization aims to build 3-dimensional models of rock and fluid properties, including elastic and petrophysical variables, to describe and monitor the state of the subsurface for hydrocarbon exploration and production and for CO₂ sequestration. Rock physics modeling and seismic wave propagation theory provide a set of physical equations to predict the seismic response of subsurface rocks based on their elastic and petrophysical properties. However, the rock and fluid properties are generally unknown and surface geophysical measurements are often the only available data to constrain reservoir models far away from well control. Therefore, reservoir properties are generally estimated from geophysical data as a solution of an inverse problem, by combining rock physics and seismic models with inverse theory and geostatistical methods, in the context of the geological modeling of the subsurface. A probabilistic approach to the inverse problem provides the probability distribution of rock and fluid properties given the measured geophysical data and allows quantifying the uncertainty of the predicted results. The reservoir characterization problem includes both discrete properties, such as facies or rock types, and continuous properties, such as porosity, mineral volumes, fluid saturations, seismic velocities and density.  [i]Seismic Reservoir Modeling: [/i][i]Theory, Examples and Algorithms[/i] presents the main concepts and methods of seismic reservoir characterization. The book presents an overview of rock physics models that link the petrophysical properties to the elastic properties in porous rocks and a review of the most common geostatistical methods to interpolate and simulate multiple realizations of subsurface properties conditioned on a limited number of direct and indirect measurements based on spatial correlation models. The core of the book focuses on Bayesian inverse methods for the prediction of elastic petrophysical properties from seismic data using analytical and numerical statistical methods. The authors present basic and advanced methodologies of the current state of the art in seismic reservoir characterization and illustrate them through expository examples as well as real data applications to hydrocarbon reservoirs and CO₂ sequestration studies.

[b]Get a rock-solid grasp on geology[/b] [i]Geology For Dummies [/i]is ideal reading for anyonewith an interest in the fundamental concepts of geology, whether they're lifelong learners with a fascination for the subject or college students interested in pursuing geology or earth sciences. Presented in a straightforward, trusted format—and tracking to a typical introductory geology course at the college level—this book features a thorough introduction to the study of earth, its materials, and its processes. Rock records and geologic time Large-scale motion of tectonic plates Matter, minerals, and rocks The geological processes on earth's surface Rock that geology class with [i]Geology For Dummies[/i]!